Invasive Mealybugs and their Management in India: Past, Present & Future
Keywords:
invasive mealy bugs, classical bio control, natural enemies, IndiaAbstract
Invasive species are 'non-native species which threaten ecosystem besides habitats and species. Invasive pests include insect pests of agricultural importance. Problems caused by such invasive species in agricultural ecosystems are manifold. Several mealybug pests have got introduced into India, and some of them were known to cause extensive damage to the economically important crops. The important invasive mealybugs include Solenposis mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in 2007, Papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink in 2008, Madeira mealybug Phenacoccus madeirensis Green m 2012 and Jackbeardsleyi mealybug Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller in 2012. These alien pests find the new habitat ideal and conducive for breeding and establishment without any restriction through natural regulating factors like natural enemies that keep the species under check in its native range. Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug P. marginatus was achieved with the Encyrtid parasitoid Acerophagus papayae (Noyes and Schaufif), and fortuitous biological of solenopsis mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis with encyrtid parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (= Aenasius bambawalei Hayat). Local natural enemies namely Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant Mallada boninensis (Okamoto) and Spalgisepeus Westwood were useful in combating the invasive Jackbeardsly mealybug Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi in India. Four parasitoids namely Allotropasp, Anagyrusamnestos Ramkumar and Poorani, Anagyrus quadrii (Hayat, Alam & Agarwal) and Anagyrus loeckii Noyes & Menezes were found parasitizing the invasive Madeira mealybug. Ph. madeirensis. An analysis was made on the serious mealybug pests of common crops in the neighbouring countries, and which are likely to enter India due to firequent travelling and shipments. The Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero which has recently invaded India for which Apoanagyrus lopezi (De Santis) is available for its effective suppression.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Amutha, M., Dharajothi, B., Surulivelu, T., Gopalakrishnan, N. 2009. Natural parasitism on mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Paracoccus marginatus at Coimbatore. CICRNewsletter 25:5.
Ayyasamy, R., Regupathy, A.2010. Need and scope for insecticide resistance management for the invasive papaya mealy bug Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink in small scale papaya farming system in Tamil Nadu, India. Resistant Pest Management Newsletter 19(2): 23-28.
Banu, GJ., Surulivelu, T., Balamurugan, M., Amutha, M., Gopalakrishnan, N. 2009. Natural occurrence of entomopathogenic fimgi in mealbug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera:Pseudococcidae) in India. Proceedings of National Symposium on Bt cotton; Opportunities and prospectus, CICR,Nagpur,Novenmberl7-19.2009,150.
Banu, JG., Surulivelu, T., Amutha, M., Gopalakrishnan, N. 2010. Susceptibility of cotton mealybug, ParacoccMswflj^wato to entomopathogenic fungi. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 18: 247-248.
Basappa, H. 2007. Changing scenario of insect pests of sunflower in India, Proceedings of Winter School on Integrated insect pests and disease management in irrigation crops, held at College of Agriculture, UAS,Raichur (Karnataka),21-11-2007 to ll-12-2007,pp. 625-636
Bellotti,A.C.1983. More on the mealybug: amajor cassava pest Cassava Newsletter 1{) 3-4.
Chong, JH. 2005. Biology of the Mealybug Parasitoid, Anagyrus loecki, and its Potential as a Biological Control Agent of the Madeira Mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 186 p.
Chong, JH., Getting, RD., Van, lersel, MW.2003.Temperature effects on the development, survival, and reproduction of the Maderia mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), onChrysdLnihtmam.AnnEntomolSocAm 96(4): 539543
Divya, S. 2012. Studies on management of papaya mealybug Paracoccus Marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera). Thesis submitted to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Coimbatore, India.
Driesche, R.G., Van, Bellotti, A.C., Castillo,!, and Herrera, C.J.1990. Estimating total losses from parasitoids for a field population of a continuously breeding insect, cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in Colombia, S.A.F/or/c?a£«to/wo/ogz5'^ 73(1): 133-143.
Firake, D.M., Joshi, S., Behere, GT., Momin, G., Azad Thakur, N.S., andNgachan, S.V 2015. First report of the mealybug Formicococcus polysperes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting Ginger in India. Entomological News 125(3), 179-185.
Hammond, WN.O and Neuenschwander, P. 1990. Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug PAenacoccM^ manihoti (Hom.: Pseudococcidae) hy Epidinocarsislopezi (Hym.: Encyrtidae) inNigeria. Entomophaga 35(4): 515-526.
Hanchinal, SG., Patil, BV, Bheemanna, M., Hosamani, AC. 2009. Incidence of mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and its natural enemies on cotton in Karnataka: In proceedings of National symposium on Bt-cotton: Opportunities and Prospectus, CICR, Nagpur, November 17-19, 150p.
Hayat, M, 2009. Description of a new species of Aenasius Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) in India. Biosystematica3:21 -26.
Janaki, I., Suresh, S., Karuppuchamy, P, 2012. EflBcacy and economics of biopesticides for the management of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.).J. Biopesticides 5(1): 87-90.
Jhala, RC., Solanki, RF.,Bharpoda, TM., Patel, MG.2009. Occurrence of hymenopterous parasitoids, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat and Promuscideaunfaciativentris Girault on cotton mealybugs, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in Gujarat. Insect Environment, 14(4): 164-165.
Jonathan, E.I., Karuppuchamy, P., Kalyanasundaram, M., Suresh, S. and Mahalingam, C.A.2011. Status of papaya mealybug in Tamil Nadu and its management. Proceedings of the National consulation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug, Classical biological control of papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) in India, pp. 24-33.
Joshi, S., Pai, SG., Deepthy, KB., Ballal, CR.,& Watson, GW. 2020. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) arrives in India. Zootoa 4772(1): 191-194.
Kedar, S., Saini, RK., Pala, R. 2011.Record of coccinellid predators associated with solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Haryana. J. Entomol 35(3): 245-246
Kharbade, SB.,Navale, PA., Mehetre, SS., Chandele, AG. 2009. Evaluation of bio-pesticide against mealybugs, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) on Cotton: In proceedings of National symposium on Btcotton: opportunities and prospectus, CICR, Nagpur, November 17-19, p. 89
Krishnakumar, R., Rajan, VP. 2009. Record of papaya mealybug infesting mulberry in Kerala. Insect Environment 15(3): 29.
Kumar, H., Kesava, Ganguly, Sudershan. 2011. Bioefficacy of Indian strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against different homopterans under laboratory conditions. Indian J. Hematology 41(2):197-200.
Lepakshi, N. M. 2015. Studies on the bio-ecology of mealybug, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) with special reference to cotton. Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru.5 Ip.
Mani, Chellappan, 2010. Status of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink in Kerala. In Classical Biological Control of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus in India Proceedings of the National Consultation Meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug, NBAII (ICAR), Begaluru,. Eds. Shylesha, A. N., S. Joshi, R. J. Rabindra andB. S. Bhumannavar.), pp40-42 Mani, M. 2008. Record of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Homoptera) of ornamentals in India. J.InsectSci.2-305-'iQ6.
Mani, M., Shivaraju, C., Kalyanasundaram, M., Simil, Joshi., Asokan, R., Simiana, K., Krishnamoorthy, A. 2013a. Investigations on the new invasive Jack Beardsley mealybug Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel and Miller on papaya, Carica papaya L. in India. Paper presented in the International Symposium on Insect Science, Bangalore, Feb 14-17,2013
Mani, M., Shivaraju, C., Sylesha, AN. 2Ql2.Paracoccus marginatus, an invasive mealybug of papaya and its biological control. J. biol. coniro/26(3):201-216.
Mani, M., Sunil, Joshi., Kalyanasundaram, M.,Shivaraju, C., Krishnamoorthy, A., Asokan, R., Rebbith, KB. 2013b. Anew invasive Jack Beardsley Pseudococcus jackbeardsley Gimpel and Miller (Heiptera; Pseudococcidae) on papaya in India. Florida Entomologist 96(1) :242-245.
Mani, M., Kalyanasundaram, M., Jayaprakas, C.A., Harish, E.R., Sreerag, R.S. and Nedunchezhiyan. M.2016. Tuber crops In Mealybugs and their management in Agricultural and horticultural crops (Eds. M. Mani and C. Shivaraju) Springer pubUcations, New Delhi, pp. 471 -494.
Matile-Ferrero, D.1978. Cassava mealybug in the People's Republic of Congo. Proceedings of the International Workshop on the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Pseudococcidae) held at INERA-M'vuazi, Bas-Zaire, Zaire, June 26-29,1977, pp 29-46.
Mohindru, B., Jindal, V., Dhawan, AK. 2009. Record of parasitoid on mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis in tomato. India J. Ecology 36(1):101-102.
Muniappan, R., Shepard, BM., Watson, GW, Camer, GR., SartiamI, D., Rauf, A., Hammig, MD., 2008. First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), in Indonesia and India. 7. UrbanEntomol. 25 (1): 3740
Muniappan, R., Shepard, B.M., Watson, G.W., Camer, G.R. and Rauf, A.2009. New Records of Invasive Insects (Hemiptera: Stemorrhyncha) in Southeast Asia and West Africa. J. Agric Urban Entomol. 26:167174.
Nagrare, VS., Kranthi, S., Biradar, VK., Zade, NN., Sangode, V., Kakde, G., Shukla, RM., Shivare, D., Khadi, BM., Kranthi, KR. 2009. Widespread infestation of the exotic mealybug species, Phenacoccussolenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton in India. Bulletin o f Entomological Research99(5)5?)l-5A.
Nwanze, K.F.1982. Relationships between cassava root yields and crop infestations by the mealyhvig, Phenacoccus manihoti. Int. J. PestManage. 28:2732.
Qadri, SMH., Shekhar, MA., Vinod, Kumar., Narendra, Kumar, JB. 2011. An impact and constraint analysis on the establishment of Acerophagus papayae for the management of papaya mealybug in mulberry ecosystem. Presented at National Symposium on Harnessing Biodiversity fo r Biological Control o f Crop Pests, 25-26th May 2011, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Bangalore (Abs. No.I-P- 38).
Ram, Pala., Saini, RK. 2010. Biological control of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley on cotton: a typical example of fortuitous biological control. J. Biol. Control24(2): 104-109 Sakthivel, N., and Qadri, S.M.H.2010. Incidence of papaya mealybug on tapioca in Tamil Nadu, IndianSilk{5-6) 8-9.
Sakthivel, N.2013. Field performance of three exotic parasitoids against papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Williams and Granara de Willink) infesting cassava in Tamil Nadu. J. Biol. Cont. 27(3): 83-87.
Sankar, C., Sravanan, P., Kathiravan, J., Marimuthu. R. and Prabukumar, S.2012. Classical biological control of papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemipotera: Psedudococcidae) by an encyrtid parasitoid papayas in Perambalur district of Tamil Nadu. Proceedings of fourth national Symposium on plant protection on horticultural crops; Emerging challenges and sustainable pest management, Indian Institute of Horticultural research, Bangalore-89, India, 25-28April 2012, pl46.
Saroja, DGM. 2009. Incidence of mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and its parasitoids on cotton. Proceedings of National Symposium IPM strategies to combat emerging pests in the current scenario of climate change, January 28-30, 2009, College of Horticulture and Forestry Central Agricultural University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh, p 42.
Schulthess, E, Baumgartner, J.U., Delucchi, V., Gutierrez, A.P. 1991. The influence of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Hom. Pseudococcidae) on yield formation of cassava, ManihotesculentaCrmtz.J.AppliedEntomol. 111(2): 155-165.
Shekhar, MA., Narendra Kumar, JB., Sreenivas, BT., Divya, SH. 2011. Papaya mealybug, Paracoccusmarginatus infesting mulberry in Karnataka. Insect Environment 16(4): 170-172.
Sreedevi, Kolia., Veena, N. V., Mohan, M., Sampath Kumar, M., Mahendiran, G., Venkatesan, T., Shylesha, AN.2020. ^ qcoxA o f Hyperaspismaindroni (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) - a native predator on the invasive cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) (in press)
Shylesha, AN. 2013. Host range of invasive Kack Beardsley Pseudococcus jackbeardsley Gimpal and Miller in Karanataka. Pest management in Horticultural Ecosystems 19(1): 106-107.
Shylesha, AN., Rabindra, RJ., Shekhar, MA., Vinod Kumar, Narendra Kumar, Krishnamurthy, A.2011 c. Impact of Classical biological control of the papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus using Acerophagus papayae in Karnataka. Proceedings of the National consultation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug. Classical biological control of papaya mealybug {Paracoccus marginatus) in India, pp.73-78.
Shylesha, AN., Sunil Joshi, 2012. Occurrence of Madeira mealybug Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton in India and record of associated parasitoids. J. biol. contromi^y .l l l-m
Suganthi, A., Kalyanasundaram, M., Mahalaksmi, V. 2009. A butterfly predator on cotton mealy bugs. Online edition of India's National Newspaper 'The Hindu' Thursday, Nov 12,2009.
Tanwar, RK., Jeyakumar, P., Singh Amar, Jafri, AA., Bambawale, OM. 2011. Survey for cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) and its natural enemies. J. Environmental Biol. 32(3): 381-384.
Tanwar, RK., Jeyakumar, Vennila, S.2010. Papaya mealybug and its management strategies. NCIPM Technical Bulletin 22,26 p.
Venkatesan, S., Nageswari, K., Palanisamy, V and Jonathan, E.1.2011. Status of papaya mealy bug {Paracoccusmarginatus) Williams and Granara de Willink on cassava at Tamil Nadu An over view. Proceedings of the National consultation meeting on strategies for deployment and impact of the imported parasitoids of papaya mealybug- Classical biological control of papaya mealybug {Paracoccus marginatus) in India, .60p.
Vijay, S. 2010. Management of papaya mealybug in cassava (http:// www.thehindu.com/todaysp ap e r/tp -fe a tu re s/tp -sc i-te ch -an d -ag ri/m an ag em en t-o f-p ap ay a -m e a ly b u g -in -c a ssav a /article464560.ece
Winotai, A., Goergen, G., Tamo, M and Neuenschwander, P., 2010. Cassava mealybug has reached Biocontrol News Inf.2) lONllN.
